Working with Indirect Sources

Indirect source:

•           This is what happens when you want to quote a source that is within your source
•           BE HONEST – cite what you actually have in front of you
•           BE HONEST - make it clear in your signal phrase & ( ) that the source is indirect

For example, the source that you are looking at is a website by Boyd. The website quotes another study. This is what it says in your source:  “even small children have vivid ideas about nuclear energy” (Davino 112).

This is what it should say in your paper: One study by Davino maintains that “even small children have vivid ideas about nuclear energy” (qtd in Boyd).

Boyd in the ( ) citation points back directly to the first word of your Works Cited entry. Davino in the signal phrase and qtd in in the parenthetical citation give credit to the original author, and make it clear that you’re using an indirect source.  

Works Cited

Boyd, James. “Awesome Article.” Fantastic Website. Sponsor, 10 Sept 2010. Web. 30 Sept 2013.
       <http://www.awesome.com>

Definitions of Drama

Dictionary:
noun
1. a work to be performed by actors on stage, radio, or television; play
2. the genre of literature represented by works intended for the stage

Textbook:
An embodied work of art (literature), meant to be seen and performed.

Quotations by Actors, Playwrights, and Screenwriters:

• "Drama is life with the dull bits cut out." Alfred Hitchcock

• "The drama is make-believe. It does not deal with the truth but with effect." W. Somerset Maugham

• "Life is full of internal dramas, instantaneous and sensational, played to an audience of one." Anthony Powell

• “Acted drama requires surrender of one's self, sympathetic absorption in the play as it develops.” George P. Baker

• “Back through the ages of barbarism and civilization, in all tongues, we find this instinctive pleasure in the imitative action that is the very essence of all drama.”

• “Drama is action, sir, action and not confounded philosophy.” Luigi Pirandello

• “Everyone sees drama from his own perspective.” Jean-Marie Le Pen

• “The adrenaline of a live performance is unlike anything in film or theater. I can see why it's so addictive.” Gwyneth Paltrow

• “I want to give the audience a hint of a scene. No more than that. Give them too much and they won't contribute anything themselves. Give them just a suggestion and you get them working with you. That's what gives the theater meaning: when it becomes a social act.” Orson Welles

Some additional notes from class discussion:
- Focus on dialogue/monologue
- Collaborative/Community
- Acted out/meant to be seen

Girl

This video shows an interesting adaptation/interpretation of Jamaica Kincaid's Girl. (The narrator of the video reads the text of the piece in its entirety.)



Here is the full text of the contemporary literature piece: http://www.fphil.uniba.sk/fileadmin/user_upload/editors/kaa/Ivan_Lacko/Kincaid_Girl.pdf

Some things I think are interesting to consider:
- That the narrator is male.
- That the setting is in a cold, snowy area.
- That the heads of the characters are almost always cut off.

One of my students let me know about a really interesting take on the piece. Here's a link to Bret Johnston's reinterpretation, "Boy." What do you think about this interpretation? How does it measure up to yours?

MLA, take 1

MLA that I expect you know:

1) All borrowed information must be cited – this includes direct quotes & facts, ideas, info, or other statistics that are not your own, even if put into your own words

2) All citations need 2 parts – an in-text ( ) citation and a complete Works Cited entry at the end

Theme

Theme

What does it all mean?

(from Norton) The insight about a topic communicated in a work of literature.

(from Little, Brown) The conception of human experience suggested by the work as a whole.

• Most literary works have multiple themes.
• State it as a sentence – a theme needs a verb! Words like “death,” “alienation,” “longing,” and “love” aren’t true themes – they’re motifs
• Keep it general – a theme isn’t about a specific character (or even you as a reader), yet stay out of clichés if you can

“If you sometimes confuse plot with theme, keep the two elements separate by thinking of theme as what the story is about, and plot as the situation that brings it into focus. You might think of theme as the message of the story--the lesson to be learned, the question that is asked, or what it is the author is trying to tell us about life and the human condition. Plot is the action by which this truth will be demonstrated."

~Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

Definitions of Poetry

The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings ~ Wordsworth

A poem should not mean but be ~ Archibald MacLeish

If I read it and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, I know that is poetry ~ Emily Dickinson

Poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or nothing ~ Dylan Thomas

The only problem
with Haiku is that you just
get started and then
~Roger McGough

Beauty is truth. Truth, beauty.
That is all ye know on Earth and all ye need to know ~ Keats

Poetry heals the wounds inflicted by reason. ~Novalis

Poetry is an orphan of silence. The words never quite equal the experience behind them. ~ Charles Simic

Poets utter great and wise things which they do not themselves understand. ~ Plato

The poet doesn't invent. He listens. ~Jean Cocteau

Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words. ~Robert Frost

Breathe-in experience, breathe-out poetry. ~Muriel Rukeyser

The poet is a liar who always speaks the truth. ~Jean Cocteau

Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty in words. ~Edgar Allan Poe

Textbook definition: Emotionally evocative literature that makes meaning with particular attention to rhythm, connotation, symbol and/or form.

Literary Criticism

There are several theoretical viewpoints through which literature can be discussed and interpreted

Formalism
• Focuses on form and the literary elements of a piece: theme, setting, character, point of view, metaphor, irony, etc. etc.
• The meaning resides in the text itself

Biographical Criticism
• Information and details about the life of the author can lend insight to his or her literary work
• The meaning resides in the author

Historical/Cultural Criticism
• The time period and surrounding culture have an influence on the literature
• Literature influences culture

Marxism
• Examines themes of class, money, power, and race in works of literature
• What is not present or is only mentioned briefly can be very significant

Feminism
• Examines the roles of men and women in works of literature
• How are gender roles defined? Subverted? Upheld?

Reader-Response Theory
• Readers’ prior experiences and backgrounds influence the way they interpret works of literature
• The meaning resides in the reader

Each theory both reacted to and borrowed from the theories that came before.

Ground Rules

Ground Rules for Writing about Literature 1. Stay in the present tense.
Mercutio is killed in the second act.
The nurse allows and facilitates the elopement.

*The present tense only refers to events that occur in literature. Events that occur in real life in real time can be in the past tense:

The short story was published in 1935. The author died shortly thereafter.

2. Refer to authors and critics by last name (after the first instance).

Shakespeare writes convincingly of young, headstrong love.
Faulkner exposes the complexity of race relations in the South several years after the civil war.
Smith proposes an interpretation …

*Characters may be referred to by first name, however.

3. Stay out of the first person. (Avoid “in my opinion” waffling statements.)

In my opinion, Rosalind is a fascinating character.
I think the ending means …

*The whole paper is your opinion and your interpretation. The reader understands it’s just what you think!

4. Use correct MLA documentation.
The play focuses on romantic love, specifically the intense passion that springs up at first sight between Romeo and Juliet. According to one critic, in Romeo and Juliet, “love is a violent, ecstatic, overpowering force that supersedes all other values, loyalties, and emotions” (Smith 444). In the course of the play, the young lovers are driven to defy their entire social world: families “Deny thy father and refuse thy name,” Juliet asks, “Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, / And I’ll no longer be a Capulet” (Shakespeare 2.1). Love is the overriding theme of the play, but a reader should always remember that Shakespeare is uninterested in portraying a prettied-up, dainty version of the emotion, the kind that bad poets write about, and whose bad poetry Romeo reads while pining for Rosaline. Love in Romeo and Juliet is a brutal, powerful emotion that captures individuals and catapults them against their world, and, at times, against themselves.

Works Cited
Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. 10th edition. New York:
Harcourt Brace, 2010. Print.
Smith, Lauren. “Unconventional Love in Romeo & Juliet.”
Literature Review 44.1 (1999): 444-6. Print.


*MLA that I expect you know:
• All directly quoted words go in “ “ (or in a block quote)
• All borrowed info (including direct quotes) needs:
o A (parenthetical citation) that points directly back to
o A Works Cited Entry

Definitions of Literature

What is Literature?

The Norton Introdution to Literature give a 2-part dictionary definition:
Literature is "imaginative or creative work of recognized artistic value."

Other authors weigh in:

Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it.
~ C. S. Lewis

The reason that fiction is more interesting than any other form of literature ... is that in fiction the author can really tell the truth.
~Jim Rohn

Great literature is simply language charged with meaning to the utmost possible degree.
~Ezra Pound

There is only one school of literature - that of talent.
~Vladimir Nabokov

Literature could be said to be a sort of disciplined technique for arousing certain emotions.
~Iris Murdoch

The answers you get from literature depend on the questions you pose.
~Margaret Atwood

Literature is the art of discovering something extraordinary about ordinary people, and saying with ordinary words something extraordinary.
~Boris Pasternak

What do you think? Please leave a comment.

Incorporating Quoted Material

4 Ways to Incorporate Quoted Material
The goal of incorporating quoted material is for you to seamlessly and easily integrate the quotes and specific evidence you pull from literature into your own writing. Don't just dump a quote in, take the time and effort to make it a part of your sentence that makes grammatical sense to the reader.

1) Simple signal phrase In the Buddhist tale, “once there was a village high in the mountains in which everyone was born blind” (16).

*According to ..., In the short story, O'Connor claims, are all examples of easy signal phrases.

2) Make a claim, then back up your claim with evidence from the text
Just as people often feel strongly about their interpretation of a work of literature, “two elders were about to come to blows about a fan that could not possibly be a pillar” (16).

3) Give an interesting quote and then explain it
“Four young mothers … comparing impressions, realized that the elephant was in fact” a combination of several different parts (16). Though individuals working alone could not put it all together, when different viewpoints came together, they had a more complete understanding.

4) Pull specific words and phrasesThe villagers had no experience with an elephant, but they did have working knowledge of things like “a leather fan,” “a cool, smooth staff,” “a dry, plowed field,” and an “overturned washing tub” (16).

These are just four examples of correctly incorporated quotes. As you get more used to dealing with your interpretation and using evidence from the text, you'll be able to use many more.